The slurry wall is a civil engineering technique used to build reinforced concrete walls in areas of soft earth close to open water, or with a high groundwater table. This technique is typically apply to build diaphragm (water-blocking) walls surrounding tunnels and open cuts, and to lay foundations. Slurry walls are used at large project sites to contain the waste or contamination and reduce potential future expansion of pollution of waste constituents, often with other waste treatment methods. Slurry walls may need to be used in conjunction with other construction methods to meet project objectives.
"1. Ground (Earth) Anchor
The ground Anchors are basically devices used to transmit the forces to the soil by means of prestressed tendons to anchor the Structure to the ground or to retain the slopes from collapsing.The ground anchor can be used to stabilise a retaining wall by transferring the forces caused by the natural thrust of the ground and the working loads beyond the slip circle. Forces are transmitted to the ground via the bond length. It is generally prestressed to control the movement of the retaining wall during the various construction phases.Earth anchors are used in both temporary or permanent applications, including supporting retaining walls, guyed masts, and earth retaining wall.
2. Rock Anchor
The rock anchors in civil and mining structures to counteract uplift forces acting on foundations and post-tension existing concrete structures. Rock anchors are made of high tensile steel, and typically they are anchored in sound bedrock by means of high strength cementitious grouting for foundations and through holes drilled into or through a structure for post-tensioning applications. For most applications the rock anchors are tensioned to a force higher than what is necessary to resist the foundation uplift force. When no tensioning is applied to the rock anchors they are called rock bolts. Both rock anchors and rock bolts are eventually grouted on their full length, however rock anchors may be grouted in two steps to allow for a certain free tensioning length after the first step.
3. Vertical (Buoyancy prevention) Anchor
The Vertical(buoyancy prevention)anchor method is to stabilize the structure against excessive stress, deformation, displacement, etc. that occurs in the structure by installing permanent anchors on the foundation floor and lower rock layer and fixing both ends for the buoyant part that is not in balance with the dead load of the structure. In this method, the stability of the structure's buoyancy, the internal stability of the anchor, the stability of the tensile member's design load, the stability of the adhesion between the grout and the rock, and the stress holding capacity according to load and time must be carefully reviewed, especially over time.
"1. PHC (Pretensioned spun High strength Concrete Pile) Pile
PHC piles are usually constructed by driven pile or pressing pile methods. However, in complex geological conditions, piles need to be pressed down to a great depth, providing piles with large diameter. If not, the pressing pile method is not possible.To overcome these limitations, the pile drilling method can be used. Firstly, create the borehole to its desired depth, whose diameter is larger than that of the PHC pile, then lower the PHC pile in the borehole and execute cement grout, filling the gap between the borehole edge and the PHC pile edge.This method has been used for several decades in developed countries, such as South Korea and Japan. In Vietnam, this technology has only been introduced in recent years.
2. Boread Pile
Bored piles are a very effective, state-of-the-art construction element with many applications in foundation and civil engineering.As heavy foundations, securing deep excavation especially close to existing buildings as well as stabilising and retaining slopes.In a variety of infrastructure projects such as tunneling, road or bridge construction as well as flood protection.Retain ground alongside an excavation pit or close to adjacent buildings, often combined with other techniques such as ground anchors or soil nails.For slope stabilisation to prevent landslides, or protect existing buildings.
3. Micro Pile
The micropile application has significantly extended to slope protection, ground improvement, and bearing capacity for various superstructures. Typically, the micropile diameter varies up to 300 mm. It can be cased or uncased, reinforced cage(re-bar cage) or Thread bar of designed diameter inside the micropile depending upon the type of application and loading conditions. Micropile performs as an excellent replacement for conventionally drilled shaft piles. Pile drill rigs allow installation in restricted access and low headroom interiors, allowing facility upgrades with minimal disruption to normal operations.
4. Sheet Pile
The sheet piles are steel sheets with interlocking edges that retain soil and are installed using vibratory and vibration-free rigs.Sheet piles are installed sequentially to design depth along the planned excavation perimeter or seawall alignment. The interlocked sheet piles form a wall for permanent or temporary lateral earth support with reduced groundwater inflow. The excavation depth deep, anchors may be included to secure additional lateral support if required.
